Kitching pioneered chip-scale atomic clocks and magnetometers, combining atomic spectroscopy, silicon micromachining and photonics, with applications to biomagnetism (MEG/MCG) and microfluidic NMR. This vapour-phase approach reaches femto-to-picotesla sensitivities complementary to NV-center diamond ensemble quantum sensors (DEER, nano-NMR, T1 relaxometry) that operate near the pT/sqrt(Hz) regime.